--> Satelite Communications ]-------------------------------[ lowtek ]------- --> Systems and networks ]----------------------------------[ aka upl1nk ]--- \ / -=Satallite\ /Communications=- | | | ___|_____ \_ | | _ / |_---- A |----_| / |________| \ / \ / \ / \ D / \E / \ / \ __ / \ __ / \ / \ / \ |B |/ \|C | __________------____________________________________________------__________ --------------------[A] Satellite ------------------[B]Earth Station on one side of world ---------------[C]Earth Station on oposite side of the world as the other -------------[D]Is a Signal that is being Uplinked from Earth Station B ----------[E]Is The Signal Being Downlinked to Earth Station C =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -----=Intro:=---- ***************************************************************************** We will jump right in. The first satellite to ever orbit the earth on october 4, 1957 was the Russians Sputnik. Next was "SCORE" which was the first communications satellite in 1958, able to broadcast only a single voice taped messege from President Eisenhower "Peace On Earth, Good Will To Men". Thus begun an everlasting race to see who could build the most sophisticated satellite. Sometime In the 60's Americans jumped in to the race with Telstar which was far more sophisticated than Sputnik. Today there are more than 3,000 satellites in orbit. Each and everyone of those sends signals down to earth and recieves signals from earth to the satellite. These are called an Uplink and a Downlink. The Uplink is when the base reciever uploads information to the satellite such as its coordinates ans programing for the satallites viewers. Just think how many signals that is if every satellite can produce over 25,000 signals. These signals are in groups of frequencys I have made a list of what bands control what frequencys (The ones with * next to them are based around just satellite signaling): VHF 30 to 300 mhz UHF 300 to 3000 mhz L-Band 0.5 to 1.5 ghz *C band 4 to 8 ghz *Ku band 10.9 to 17 ghz *Ka band 18 to 31 ghz Satellites are used for many different things such as: Satellite TV Radio GPS Weather Telephone Calls over Seas In this text I will try to cover most of these. There are 3 different kinds of Satellites that I am formilliar with: GEOS LEOS and MEOS: GEOS (Geosynchronous earth orbiting satellites) are the most common of all satellites. These satellites orbit the earth in Geosynchronous Orbit which is 22,300 miles above earth. GEOS are slowly becoming obsolite because of there distance from earth. This effects the speed of data that the satellite is transfering to earth. This is why most companys now a days are purchasing LEOS (Low Earth Orbiting Satellites) these satellites cruise around 2,000-4,000 feet these satellites are alot closer to earth hence making the data flow faster than GEOS do. Many pager and cellphone companys are starting to use LEOS as there main satellite just because the reception is alot better and can provide world wide connections (check out www.iridium.com). A good thing about GEOS is that basically they can cover more geographical area than LEOS cause they are higher and can cover more land. Now MEOS (Medium Earth Orbiting Satellites) are basically just a weather satellite they orbit around 10,000 feet. TVRO/Television Signals Satellite TV is a system such as "Direct TV" or the "Dish Network" These are what are called TVRO (Tele Vision Recieve Only) and are becoming very popular among people these days. There are about 5.1 million installations of TVRO's today in North America and are becomeing popular in forign contries as we speak. The Satellite TV bands are: S)Band 1700)3000 MHz C)Band 3700)4200 MHz Ku1)Band 10.9)11.75 GHz Ku2)Band 11.75)12.5 GHz (DBS) Ku3)Band 12.5)12.75 GHz Ka)Band 18.0)20.0 GHz Now to Reach these Signals you will need a C/Ku Band Reciever and a C/Ku band Dish these can be ordered on the interenet I have included some sites where you can purchase these. Here is a list of the Downlink Freq's for C/Ku band: Channel 1 = 3720/11730 MHz Channel 13 = 3960/12096 MHz Channel 2 = 3740/11743 Channel 14 = 3980/12109 Channel 3 = 3760/11791 Channel 15 = 4000/12157 Channel 4 = 3780/11804 Channel 16 = 4020/12170 Channel 5 = 3800/11852 Channel 17 = 4040 Channel 6 = 3820/11865 Channel 18 = 4060 Channel 7 = 3840/11913 Channel 19 = 4080 Channel 8 = 3860/11926 Channel 20 = 4100 Channel 9 = 3880/11974 Channel 21 = 4120 Channel 10 = 3900/11987 Channel 22 = 4140 Channel 11 = 3920/12035 Channel 23 = 4160 Channel 12 = 3940/12048 Channel 24 = 4180 Many of these channels are Scrambled then again you can find many open channels that have sporting events or public broadcasting channels. For the Scrambled Channels there are usually decoders in the newer Recievers, most likely you will be able to watch some of the scrambed frequency's. The most popular of the channels are usually scrambled with VC II and VIII systems, now sometimes you will get lucky and actually be able to find a V II and V III decoder and then you can watch it without having to pay or subsribe to the channels. Audio Channels/Radio Signals: Audio channels are usually a higher frequency than TV channels, also there are more than 70 audio only channels avalible from each North American Satellites. The audio frequency's are usually in the 6.2 to 6.8 mhz but audio can go through 5 to 8 mhz. There are Radio Shows daily for other satellite hobbiests to listen to including "Lets talk Radio" is a computer/radio/shortwave listening/ satellite navagationing show/ which used to be daily at 6p.m. that anyone could listen to who had a C/Ku band dish and reciever. GPS Satellites: GPS stands for Global Positioning System, these satellites are fairly new they provide navegation for ships, tanks, Hummers, airplanes, space stations, satellites,and many other devices. They provide navagation, position and velocity by the second. They were first introduced to the world from the US Department of Defence (what a supprise), and are widely used today in many aspects of communication and traveling. This system of satellites are controled by a main base all the GPS satellites are operated at what is called "GPS Master Control and Monitor Network" which is located in Colorado at the Schriever Air Force Base. Today you can walk out to your local Radio Shack and pick up a GPS reciever for traveling and it will tell you where you are most anywhere on earth. Now tell me that is not amazing. Today I was doing some Research on GPS and this was amazing to me I found a company that provides GPS recievers that you strap on to your kid and it tells you where they are anywhere in the world. That made me kind of sick but it is a good example of how GPS is growing and how accessible it is to the public (also how weird are society is with technology of this kind). Satellite Internet Connections: Many Networks Today reside on Satellite's, and the amount is growing every day. More and More people decide they need more bandwidth for there networks or for personal use alone. Satellites have been offering personal interenet services for about 3 years now and the users are expanding as we speak. The reason for such wide expansion is satellite's high bandwidth. Today you can subscrube to a satellite ISP which data transfers 5 times the speed of DUAL ISDN Channels, of course this has its downfalls which include a $490 dollar a month bill and also the weather somtimes effects satellite reception, so in other words during a /rain/thunder/hail/snow storm you would ether have a terrible connection to the internet or no connection at all. I have hered of some companys fixing the problem but have no other information about it. Also have found an Example of what one of these systems may cost: *********The Satellite Internet System includes the following hardware ************specifications as well as unlimited access for 10-150 Users. **************Intel Pentium PII 266MMX ****************16 bay server case ******************4.0 gig IDE drive ********************3.5" floppy **********************64 megs SD RAM ************************512K cache **************************20X CD-Rom Multi Media kit ****************************2 meg PCI Video Card *****************************104 keyboard - MS Mouse *******************************WIN95 OEM *********************************3COM 10/100 Base-T Network card ***********************************56 Kbps Fax Modem *************************************14" .28 NI SVGA Monitor ***************************************32 Bit Satellite software license *****************************************20" Satellite Dish w/uni mount ********************************************LAN user access software license **********************************************Activation prior to delivery 36 months free on site next day warranty. Price $4,900 (Includes Server, Dish, and Installation) Monthly Price $490 per month (36 Month lease) This means that after you pay your $4,900 dollar bill you have to continue paying your monthly bill which is $490 dollars. For a large company this is no bill at all but you can see how one person who wants fast internet access might struggle financially. Many huge Companys are starting to connect there networks to ATM networks via Satellites one of the many of those companys is COMSAT which is ahead of the other competitors with there ATM Link Enhancer (ALE). COMSAT wins first ATM via satellite contract which makes them elegable to start building massive ATM networks. The reson for this being so great is that companys can start connecting all forms of communication devices, such as, video confrencing, real-time logistics, and medical expertise to deployed field units (Telemedicine) all in real time, Anywhere in the world. -==Weather Satellites:==- Weather satellites have helped the human race tons. Without these satellites there would be no hurican warnings or storm warnings or how about you wouldnt even be able to tell when it is supposed to snow. With your C/Ku band reciever and dish you can somtimes find an occasional public weather station when scanning thru the C/Ku band it probelly wont be local but you get to see what kind of weather france is getting. Here i have included a list of weather satellites that are Operational and some of there frequency's: =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= NORAD ID# Common name Source Frequency =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 10061 GOES 2 US 10489 METEOSAT 1 ESA 12472 GOES 5 US 12544 METEOSAT 2 ESA 14050 GOES 6 US 15427 NOAA 9 US 16969 NOAA 10 US 17561 GOES 7 US 18820 METEOR 2-17 CIS 19215 METEOSAT 3 ESA 19336 METEOR 3-2 CIS 19531 NOAA 11 US 19851 METEOR 2-18 CIS 19876 METEOSAT 4 ESA 20305 METEOR 3-3 CIS 20670 METEOR 2-19 CIS 20788 FY-1B PRC 20826 METEOR 2-20 CIS 21140 METEOSAT 5 ESA 21232 METEOR 3-4 CIS 21263 NOAA 12 US 137.5000 21655 METEOR 3-5 CIS 137.8500 22739 NOAA 13 US 22782 METEOR 2-21 CIS 22912 METEOSAT 6 ESA 22969 METEOR 3-6 CIS 23051 GOES 8 US 23455 NOAA 14 US 137.6200 23581 GOES 9 US ** FAILED ** 24786 GOES 10 US 24932 METEOSAT 7 ESA 25338 NOAA 15 US This is just a small list I am sorry I couldnt provide more frequencys. You can download programs off the internet that connect to satellite's and you can view stunning images of live weather around the globe. There are even sometimes live camera's via the internet that broadcast live weather to some satellites. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=Satellite and Telephone Intergration:=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Satellites have greatly helped our communication in various ways but the telephone has by far been the greatest. I will give an example of how satellites are used with a common telephone call from the U.S. to Australia. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= This is one of the most important parts of this text because it kind of puts everything together into one big example. So please read this part carefully. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Fist the call would be releyed to Roaring Creek, Pennsyvania International Earth Station via microwave signals, then from Roaring Creek up into the main Anteanna on a 6ghz uplink. Then processed to an Earth Station in Australia via the downlink then shipped into the local switch and ran to the subscribers house. From there it would do exactly the revearse of what it did in the U.S. So this time it will be ran thru the local switch up to the earth station in australia and then uplinked at 6ghz and then downlinked to Roaring Creek, Pennsylvania once again. So every time one person talks it has to ush to the earth station and be uplinked and downlinked then run through the local switch (wow what a fast ride). Now you know why these calls cost so much. Please Examine the Ascii at the first part of this text. You will see that the signal could represent a telephone call across the world which is uplinked by Earth Station B and traveled on signal D and then Processed in satellite A and then downlinked on signal E to Earth Station C. )()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()() written by lowt3k aka upl1nk Conclusion This completes my text on satellite communications Introduction, although expect many more texts from me about satellites this is just an opening of understanding for my other texts which will take this knowledge and combine it into othermore technical aspects of satellites. (*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)(* Shoutz and ma propez out to all of deze boyz, girlies, and companyz: I would like to thank Norad you guys are leet I respect you thanks for helpin me out with somethings,**ma h0meboy gr1p****NASA*hybrid**downtime*My home-boy w1rep4ir*PD werd ma brotha**Substance need I say more? =)**#9x*#darkcyde* USwest*all the peeps in NPA**Dr. Dish** DR. Joseph Pelton**optiklenz**** di9ital bosplaya****icon_****#legions***#satell1te***genocide2600***chammy ***aardwolf lowtek@uswestmail.net lowt3k@daz.dubuque.net